(1) One has no transfusion within the past three months does not mean he/she is DAT negative. So a negative control in typing is important especially when you are using IAT technique. (2) Monoclonal antisera, like anti-E, -e, -C, -c, -Jka, -Jkb, -S, etc, has the advantage of that you can type patient whose red cells are DAT positive cuz only direct agglutination step, no IAT is required. (3) agree that follow manufacturer's instruction is important. By the way - hi Malcolm, you bought a copy of Technical Manual ?! CK Cheng, MSc, SBB(ASCP), CQA(ASQ) Oct 5, 2010