Wow, since retirement and having time to review past posts, I found a missed opportunity to respond to Galvania's comment on my LISS/gel column comparison. I agree they are different "methods" however, atigen- antibody reactivity does take place in an ionic environment. That being said, the LISS tube test requires manually added LISS, while the column technologies the gel or bead matrix is prepared by the manufacturer for you. I haven't seen the actual composition of the different column matrixes and their ionic strength, but they must have one. Although, in the late 80's we could actually make our own columns, as originally described by LAPIERRE, and then by Luc Noel in " Micromethods en Immuno-Hematologie", Societe Nationals De Transfusion Sanguine, 1989. And even the tube LISS test can be improved by using a lighter red cell suspension and having a better serum to red cell ratio. If only our eyes were better! The standardized micro column matrixes have made this easier to read and sustain the agglutinates for longer readings. Oh, and no more subjective shaking the tube! It is nice that standardized pre-prepared tests cards/strips, cell suspensions are available to provide better reproducible tests among staff. So back to my comment and keep in mind that I'm just old and opinionated these days, I still look at the gel/bead columns as modified miniature LISS tube tests with basically the same principles as the standard LISS tube test when antigen-antibody reactions are the subject. At least that's what we thought when we made our own columns. So I hope we can respectfully agree to disagree.