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ABO incompatibility


Tabbie

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Hi Everyone 

I am currently studying and decided to do some ABO experiments with patient samples but with some odd results. Wondering if anyone could shed some light ? 

I cross matched a mix of incompatible red cells with patients plasma to see if there would be a difference in strength of ABO incompatibility.

The AB and B red cells with the group A plasma gave negative results ? 

AB red cells with group B plasma was positive I.e. a group B patient being cross matched with AB red cells 

All samples were Rh D positive to avoid any incompatibility with that issue.

I also repeated them with the same samples and got the same results.

Thanks

Moira

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Human Anti-A typically have a high titer as where Anti-B are usually weaker.  Correct me if wrong, but I believe this is the reason for allowing GroupA plasma usage for emergency massive transfusion for most trauma hospitals now.  Big AABB article sometimes in the end of 14' or early 15' about this.

Edited by yeleng22
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  • 1 year later...

ABO antigens are basically sugars structures.   The development and expression of these antigens and antibodies are controlled by various genes an individual inherits.  The antibodies are also possibly produced based on the various "natural" exposures to similar antigens in the environment, gut, etc. and the immune system functionality of the antibody producer.  (or in the case of commercial antisera, the particular antibody producer(s) or cell line(s) used to produce the antibody can vary from manufacturer to manufacturer).   Actually, as I ponder this, maybe all antigens/antibodies are effected by some of the same processes......

Therefore, in my humble opinion, the strengths of the agglutination reaction within in any one test method, maybe affected by these factors as well as the method itself.

If everyone was group O it would be nice for Blood Bank ................. but what's the adventure in that?  Variety is the spice of life!

 

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  • 5 months later...

It is because serum would have Ca++, Mg++ and Mn++ ions present (needed to activate the classical complement pathway beyond initiation), whereas EDTA will, in effect, remove these ions from plasma by chelation.

An ABO mis-match is far "easier" to detect using serum than plasma, and may even lead to haemolysis of the test cells, however, in both cases, IF the plasma of the proposed recipient has high levels of Type 1 ABO antigen (the ABO substance that is soluble in the plasma/serum - in other words the proposed recipient is a "strong secretor"), there is a slight danger, albeit slight, that this ABO substance may inhibit the reagent anti-A and/or anti-B, causing false negative results.

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6 hours ago, Malcolm Needs said:

It is because serum would have Ca++, Mg++ and Mn++ ions present (needed to activate the classical complement pathway beyond initiation), whereas EDTA will, in effect, remove these ions from plasma by chelation.

An ABO mis-match is far "easier" to detect using serum than plasma, and may even lead to haemolysis of the test cells, however, in both cases, IF the plasma of the proposed recipient has high levels of Type 1 ABO antigen (the ABO substance that is soluble in the plasma/serum - in other words the proposed recipient is a "strong secretor"), there is a slight danger, albeit slight, that this ABO substance may inhibit the reagent anti-A and/or anti-B, causing false negative results.

Yes, what he said.....

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On 2018/1/11 at 3:30 PM, Malcolm Needs said:

It is because serum would have Ca++, Mg++ and Mn++ ions present (needed to activate the classical complement pathway beyond initiation), whereas EDTA will, in effect, remove these ions from plasma by chelation.

An ABO mis-match is far "easier" to detect using serum than plasma, and may even lead to haemolysis of the test cells, however, in both cases, IF the plasma of the proposed recipient has high levels of Type 1 ABO antigen (the ABO substance that is soluble in the plasma/serum - in other words the proposed recipient is a "strong secretor"), there is a slight danger, albeit slight, that this ABO substance may inhibit the reagent anti-A and/or anti-B, causing false negative results.

Thank you very much for the explanation.

Just a little confusion:D how do the  Ca++, Mg++ and Mn++ ions infect the agglutination? does it because the complements can enhance agglutination or because the complements caused haemolysis is a sign of ABO mis-match?

 

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It is the latter yan xia.

The various metal ions have no effect on either sensitisation or agglutination, but, are vital co-factors for the complete initiation of the classical complement pathway (C1qrs), leading to the membrane attack complex (MAC), and it is this MAC that allows haemolysis to take place, and it is this haemolysis that allows the Hb to escape from the red cells, which we see as a pink/red colour in our tests, which equates to a positive result.  As the classical complement pathway is a huge amplification system (one C1qrs complex, for example, results in the generation of some 8, 000 C3b molecules), it makes the test very sensitive indeed - much more so than just looking for agglutination.

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